On the topic of more urban stuff, I suggest introducting access=illegal and access=impassable while access=no stays as an imprecise value for either of these.
So for example a dedicated busway would have access=illegal + bus=designated but a bollard would have motor_vehicle=impassable.
The big difference this makes is that emergency vehicles can omit laws but still won’t cross uncrossable barriers (except removable ones but an average ambulance won’t be removing those if not neccessary).
In case of overlap access=private and impassablewould have priority over illegal.